简单来说,Composer 是一个新的安装包管理工具,服务于 PHP 生态系统。它实际上包含了两个部分:Composer 和 Packagist 。下面我们就简单说一下他们各自的用途。
Composer
Composer 是由 Jordi Boggiano 和 Nils Aderman 创造的一个命令行工具,它的使命就是帮你为项目自动安装所依赖的开发包。Composer 中的很多理念都借鉴自 npm 和 Bundler ,如果你对这两个工具有所了解的话,就会在 composer 中发现他们的身影。Composer 包含了一个依赖解析器,用来处理开发包之间复杂的依赖关系;另外,它还包含了下载器、安装器等有趣的东西。
对于现代语言而言,包管理器基本上是标配。Java 有 Maven,Python 有 pip,Ruby 有 gem,Nodejs 有 npm。PHP 的则是 PEAR ,不过 PEAR 坑不少:
依赖处理容易出问题
配置非常复杂
难用的命令行接口
好在我们有 Composer ,PHP依赖管理的利器。它是开源的,使用起来也很简单,提交自己的包也很容易。
安装 Composer
Composer 需要 PHP 5.3.2+ 才能运行。
$ curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | php
这个命令会将 composer.phar
下载到当前目录。PHAR(PHP 压缩包)是一个压缩格式,可以在命令行下直接运行。
你可以使用 --install-dir
选项将 Composer 安装到指定的目录,例如:
$ curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | php -- --install-dir=bin
当然也可以进行全局安装:
$ curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | php
$ mv composer.phar /usr/local/bin/composer
在 Mac OS X 下也可以使用 homebrew 安装:
brew tap josegonzalez/homebrew-php
brew install josegonzalez/php/composer
或者使用下面的方法:Firstly install Brew on your MAC
Then install PHP
brew update
brew tap homebrew/dupes
brew tap homebrew/php
brew install php56
brew install composer
to test installation, runs:
$ composer -V
Composer version 1.1.2 2016-05-31 19:48:11
不过通常情况下只需将 composer.phar
的位置加入到 PATH
环境变量就可以,不一定要全局安装。
声明依赖
在项目目录下创建一个 composer.json
文件,指明依赖,比如,你的项目依赖 monolog :
{
"require": {
"monolog/monolog": "1.2.*"
}
}
安装依赖
安装依赖非常简单,只需在项目目录下运行:
composer install
如果没有全局安装的话,则运行:
php composer.phar install
自动加载
Composer 提供了自动加载的特性,只需在你的代码的初始化部分中加入下面一行:
require 'vendor/autoload.php';
模块仓库
packagist.org 是Composer的仓库,很多著名的 PHP 库都能在其中找到。你也可以提交你自己的作品 。
高级特性
以上介绍了 Composer 的基本用法。Composer 还有一些高级特性 ,虽然不是必需的,但是往往能给 PHP 开发带来方便。
项目主页
更多信息请访问 Composer 的官方主页 或者中文站点 。
composer.phar most needed command line
$ php composer.phar require vendor-name/package-name
$ php composer.phar install
$ php composer.phar update
$ php composer.phar update --lock
$ php composer.phar dump-autoload --optimize
other commands
$ php composer.phar about
$ php composer.phar archive
$ php composer.phar browse
$ php composer.phar clear-cache
$ php composer.phar config --list
$ php composer.phar create-project symfony/standard-edition dir/
$ php composer.phar depends vendor-name/package-name
$ php composer.phar diagnose
$ php composer.phar global
$ php composer.phar help
$ php composer.phar init
$ php composer.phar licenses
$ php composer.phar list
$ php composer.phar remove
$ php composer.phar run-script
$ php composer.phar search my keywords
$ php composer.phar self-update
$ php composer.phar show
$ php composer.phar suggest
$ php composer.phar status
$ php composer.phar validate
composer.json file
{
"name": "vendor-name/project-name",
"description": "This is a very cool package!",
"version": "0.3.0",
"type": "library",
"keywords": ["logging", "cool", "awesome"],
"homepage": "http://jolicode.com",
"time": "2012-12-21",
"license": "MIT",
"authors": [
{
"name": "Xavier Lacot",
"email": "xlacot@jolicode.com",
"homepage": "http://www.lacot.org",
"role": "Developer"
},
{
"name": "Benjamin Clay",
"email": "bclay@jolicode.com",
"homepage": "https://github.com/ternel",
"role": "Developer"
}
],
"support": {
"email": "support@exemple.org",
"issues": "https://github.com/jolicode/jane/issues",
"forum": "http://www.my-forum.com/",
"wiki": "http://www.my-wiki.com/",
"irc": "irc://irc.freenode.org/composer",
"source": "https://github.com/jolicode/jane",
"docs": "https://github.com/jolicode/jane/wiki"
},
"require": {
"monolog/monolog": "1.0.*",
"joli/ternel": "@dev",
"joli/ternel-bundle": "@stable",
"joli/semver": "^2.0",
"joli/package": ">=1.0 <1.1",
"acme/foo": "dev-master#2eb0c097"
},
"require-dev": {
"debug/dev-only": "1.0.*"
},
"conflict": {
"another-vendor/conflict": "1.0.*"
},
"replace": {
"debug/dev-only": "1.0.*"
},
"provide": {
"debug/dev-only": "1.0.*"
},
"suggest": {
"jolicode/gif-exception-bundle": "For fun!"
},
"autoload": {
"psr-4": {
"Monolog\\": "src/",
"Vendor\\Namespace\\": ""
},
"psr-0": {
"Monolog": "src/",
"Vendor\\Namespace": ["src/", "lib/"],
"Pear_Style": "src/",
"": "src/"
},
"classmap": ["src/", "lib/", "Something.php"],
"files": ["src/MyLibrary/functions.php"]
},
"autoload-dev": {
"psr-0": {
"MyPackage\\Tests": "test/"
}
},
"target-dir": "Symfony/Component/Yaml",
"minimum-stability": "stable",
"repositories": [
{
"type": "composer",
"url": "http://packages.example.com"
},
{
"type": "vcs",
"url": "https://github.com/Seldaek/monolog"
},
{
"type": "pear",
"url": "http://pear2.php.net"
},
{
"type": "package",
"package": {
"name": "smarty/smarty",
"version": "3.1.7",
"dist": {
"url": "http://www.smarty.net/Smarty-3.1.7.zip",
"type": "zip"
},
"source": {
"url": "http://smarty-php.googlecode.com/svn/",
"type": "svn",
"reference": "tags/Smarty_3_1_7/distribution/"
}
}
},
{
"type": "artifact",
"url": "path/to/directory/with/zips/"
},
{
"type": "path",
"url": "../../packages/my-package"
}
],
"config": {
"process-timeout": 300,
"use-include-path": false,
"preferred-install": "auto",
"store-auths": "prompt",
"github-protocols": ["git", "https", "http"],
"github-oauth": {"github.com": "oauthtoken"},
"gitlab-oauth": {"gitlab.com": "oauthtoken"},
"github-domains": ["entreprise-github.me.com"],
"gitlab-domains": ["entreprise-gitlab.me.com"],
"github-expose-hostname": true,
"disable-tls": false,
"cafile": "/var/certif.ca",
"capath": "/var/",
"http-basic": {"me.io":{"username":"foo","password":"bar"},
"platform": {"php": "5.4", "ext-something": "4.0"},
"vendor-dir": "vendor",
"bin-dir": "bin",
"data-dir": "/home/ternel/here",
"cache-dir": "$home/cache",
"cache-files-dir": "$cache-dir/files",
"cache-repo-dir": "$cache-dir/repo",
"cache-vcs-dir": "$cache-dir/vcs",
"cache-files-ttl": 15552000,
"cache-files-maxsize": "300MiB",
"bin-compat": "auto",
"prepend-autoloader": true,
"autoloader-suffix": "pony",
"optimize-autoloader": false,
"sort-packages": false,
"classmap-authoritative": false,
"notify-on-install": true,
"discard-changes": false,
"archive-format": "tar",
"archive-dir": "."
},
"archive": {
"exclude": ["/foo/bar", "baz", "/*.test", "!/foo/bar/baz"]
},
"prefer-stable": true,
"scripts": {
"pre-install-cmd": "MyVendor\\MyClass::doSomething",
"post-install-cmd": [
"MyVendor\\MyClass::warmCache",
"phpunit -c app/"
],
"pre-update-cmd": "MyVendor\\MyClass::doSomething",
"post-update-cmd": "MyVendor\\MyClass::doSomething",
"pre-status-cmd": "MyVendor\\MyClass::doSomething",
"post-status-cmd": "MyVendor\\MyClass::doSomething",
"pre-package-install": "MyVendor\\MyClass::doSomething",
"post-package-install": [
"MyVendor\\MyClass::postPackageInstall"
],
"pre-package-update": "MyVendor\\MyClass::doSomething",
"post-package-update": "MyVendor\\MyClass::doSomething",
"pre-package-uninstall": "MyVendor\\MyClass::doSomething",
"post-package-uninstall": "MyVendor\\MyClass::doSomething",
"pre-autoload-dump": "MyVendor\\MyClass::doSomething",
"post-autoload-dump": "MyVendor\\MyClass::doSomething",
"post-root-package-install": "MyVendor\\MyClass::doStuff",
"post-create-project-cmd": "MyVendor\\MyClass::doThis",
"pre-archive-cmd": "MyVendor\\MyClass::doSomething",
"post-archive-cmd": "MyVendor\\MyClass::doSomething",
},
"extra": { "key": "value" },
"bin": ["./bin/toto"]
}
Composer 是新一代的PHP依赖管理工具。其介绍和基本用法可以看这篇《Composer PHP依赖管理的新时代 》。本文介绍使用Composer的五个小技巧,希望能给你的PHP开发带来方便。
1. 仅更新单个库
只想更新某个特定的库,不想更新它的所有依赖,很简单:
composer update foo/bar
此外,这个技巧还可以用来解决“警告信息问题”。你一定见过这样的警告信息:
Warning: The lock file is not up to date with the latest changes in composer.json, you may be getting outdated dependencies, run update to update them.
擦,哪里出问题了?别惊慌!如果你编辑了composer.json
,你应该会看到这样的信息。比如,如果你增加或更新了细节信息,比如库的描述、作者、更多参数,甚至仅仅增加了一个空格,都会改变文件的md5sum。然后Composer就会警告你哈希值和composer.lock
中记载的不同。
那么我们该怎么办呢?update
命令可以更新lock文件,但是如果仅仅增加了一些描述,应该是不打算更新任何库。这种情况下,只需update nothing
:
$ composer update nothing
Loading composer repositories with package information
Updating dependencies
Nothing to install or update
Writing lock file
Generating autoload files
这样一来,Composer不会更新库,但是会更新composer.lock
。注意nothing
并不是update
命令的关键字。只是没有nothing
这个包导致的结果。如果你输入foobar
,结果也一样。
如果你用的Composer版本足够新,那么你可以直接使用--lock
选项:
composer update --lock
2. 不编辑composer.json
的情况下安装库
你可能会觉得每安装一个库都需要修改composer.json
太麻烦,那么你可以直接使用require
命令。
composer require "foo/bar:1.0.0"
这个方法也可以用来快速地新开一个项目。init
命令有--require
选项,可以自动编写composer.json
:(注意我们使用-n
,这样就不用回答问题)
$ composer init --require=foo/bar:1.0.0 -n
$ cat composer.json
{
"require": {
"foo/bar": "1.0.0"
}
}
3. 派生很容易
初始化的时候,你试过create-project
命令么?
composer create-project doctrine/orm path 2.2.0
这会自动克隆仓库,并检出指定的版本。克隆库的时候用这个命令很方便,不需要搜寻原始的URI了。
4. 考虑缓存,dist
包优先
最近一年以来的Composer会自动存档你下载的dist
包。默认设置下,dist
包用于加了tag的版本,例如"symfony/symfony": "v2.1.4"
,或者是通配符或版本区间,"2.1.*"
或">=2.2,<2.3-dev"
(如果你使用stable
作为你的minimum-stability
)。
dist包也可以用于诸如dev-master
之类的分支,Github允许你下载某个git引用的压缩包。为了强制使用压缩包,而不是克隆源代码,你可以使用install
和update
的--prefer-dist
选项。
下面是一个例子(我使用了--profile
选项来显示执行时间):
$ composer init --require="twig/twig:1.*" -n --profile
Memory usage: 3.94MB (peak: 4.08MB), time: 0s
$ composer install --profile
Loading composer repositories with package information
Installing dependencies
- Installing twig/twig (v1.12.2)
Downloading: 100%
Writing lock file
Generating autoload files
Memory usage: 10.13MB (peak: 12.65MB), time: 4.71s
$ rm -rf vendor
$ composer install --profile
Loading composer repositories with package information
Installing dependencies from lock file
- Installing twig/twig (v1.12.2)
Loading from cache
Generating autoload files
Memory usage: 4.96MB (peak: 5.57MB), time: 0.45s
这里,twig/twig:1.12.2
的压缩包被保存在~/.composer/cache/files/twig/twig/1.12.2.0-v1.12.2.zip
。重新安装包时直接使用。
5. 若要修改,源代码优先
当你需要修改库的时候,克隆源代码就比下载包方便了。你可以使用--prefer-source
来强制选择克隆源代码。
composer update symfony/yaml --prefer-source
接下来你可以修改文件:
composer status -v
You have changes in the following dependencies:
/path/to/app/vendor/symfony/yaml/Symfony/Component/Yaml:
M Dumper.php
当你试图更新一个修改过的库的时候,Composer会提醒你,询问是否放弃修改:
$ composer update
Loading composer repositories with package information
Updating dependencies
- Updating symfony/symfony v2.2.0 (v2.2.0- => v2.2.0)
The package has modified files:
M Dumper.php
Discard changes [y,n,v,s,?]?
本文:PHP: Composer 依赖管理 Composer Cheat Sheet for developers
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